(keep in mind this was written in 2021 in 9th Grade, before artifical inteligence became a larger part of our society)
Introduction
Automation is unavoidable. Automation is everywhere in today’s world, automated cashiers, online customer support, ticket sellers, online calendars, car manufacturing, are examples of it. The world has now transformed to a technological age, with the rate of automation rapidly advancing every day. According to experts, in a couple of decades, Automation has the estimated power to render almost 50% of jobs obsolete worldwide (Jensen and Koch Man and Machine: Robots on the rise? The impact of automation on the Swiss job market). This will bring upon huge impacts on the global workforce and economy. According to McKinsey, we will encounter a minimum of 400 million people without an occupation by 2030 (Manyika et al. Jobs lost, jobs gained: What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages). A massive amount of pressure will be placed on governments, making it impossible for them to take accountability for these people. An answer or solution to these issues is necessary, as if we do not prepare for the inevitable, there shall be vast consequences.
If actions are not taken soon, automation will create numerous complications that will be devastating to our society. It is impossible to stop automation, machines are and will be much better than human workers no matter what. These advantages are that they do not require a salary, healthcare, or healthy work conditions. Although, the most substantial advantage, automation holds is that it does not require rest. Whether rest includes food, sleep, relaxation, etc. The necessities that humans require do not apply to machines. Companies may even keep automated machines running for 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. These reasons suggest that humans will be obsolete, showing companies no incentive to select humans over machines. Those incentives would be devastating to blue-collar workers, as they would not be able to compete with such machines. As a result, it will also be devastating to countries where manufacturing drives the economy. The workers, families, and provinces that are reliant on such jobs may have a very difficult future. As these people may only have a high school degree or no degree whatsoever, it will be proven that transitioning to a new job will be extremely difficult.
As a result of the expected explosion in automation (“On the Explosion of Automation.” RAND Corporation, 1964), occupations such as machine learning researchers, data scientists, engineers of all kinds, etc. Shall be in enormous demand. This proposes that these types of jobs may be the only ones that workers may be able to transition into. The main limitations to this, however, will be the burdens of training and education requirements. Nevertheless, if they are not able to transition to a new occupation, poverty rates may be subject to spike.
Perspectives
The perspectives regarding automation are indeed vast. Corporations are eager for robotic technology to evolve to the point where it could be widely used in manufacturing. This is mainly because of how it is estimated that automation and machine learning may add $3.5T - $5.4T USD in annual value to companies (Manyika et al. Jobs lost, jobs gained: What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages). These important benefits create significant incentives for high levels of investments. The value added for companies emerge in diminishing manufacturing costs and increased productive capacity, allowing for further increases in profit margins. This is one result of the fact that automation is much more efficient, Companies are given the option to reduce the size of factories, etc.
If one is to imagine the perspective of a nation, which depends on manufacturing as it is one of their primary sources of income, opinions might differ. Using China as an example, the country China is ranked number one in the world in manufactured goods produced (Jahn Which country is the largest exporter of goods in the world? Investopedia). This shows China is vulnerable to the impacts of automation, as more people have a job that can be automated. The Harvard Business Review, estimated the countries that are most likely to be automated. China reached the top 15 of the list, with 51.2% of jobs at risk of being automated with today’s technology. In contrast, to this, they do not take into account the population of each country. Other notable countries listed in the review include; the Czech Republic (52.2%), Qatar (52.0%), Italy (50.3%), etc. (Chui et al. The Countries Most (and Least) Likely to be Affected by Automation.) China is much more populous than such countries, which drastically changes the magnitude of these impacts. As a consequence of this, more people will need unemployment benefits or some form of redistribution. They also require shelter for rising poverty rates and other costly necessities. This suggests that larger funds will be needed to afford these necessities, compared to the aforementioned countries. Consideration also requires to be given to the possibility that companies choose to migrate their manufacturing, it may be devastating to China as manufacturing is one of their top 3 sources of income (Ross, The 3 Industries Driving China's Economy). This can set off a rivalry between the Chinese government and the use of automation due to the drastic consequences that will arise. These circumstances may also apply to other countries that have a very large population and a high job automation percentage.
The greatest disadvantages come in the displacement of blue-collar workers who will be the first to be left without a job. These people may spontaneously be out of a job which they depended on heavily, with no plan for the future and minimal options to pursue. Transitional periods to other jobs may take a long time. Many of these workers may be farmers, miners, construction workers, etc. To expand on this, these occupations have been becoming increasingly automated by each decade, beginning with inventions such as electric drills, cranes, etc.
Automated systems have now been developed that can replace a sweatshop worker for $35,000 USD. (Vilvestre, What Happens When This Robot Brings an End to Sweatshops? 2021) It is indeed debatable whether the benefits of these machines outweigh the price negative, yet it should be noted that these technologies may get cheaper once they become widely available. Although what the invention of this machine suggests, is that we are entering a phase in human history where the idea of a career is completely altered, most jobs are short term, automatic machines have the possibility to manage stores. To elaborate on this, Automation may take over jobs that many may believe were impossible to automate. If this assumption is correct, it proposes that people will constantly need to transition to new jobs, prohibiting people from making a career out of one job.
People who may lose their occupation due to this wave of automation may react differently, they may place the blame on the inventions themselves, and may set a trend of hate against machines. Hostility against automation is not new and there have been many incidents relating to it, recently and in the past. This began with the inventions of early automation (tractors, sewing machines, printers, etc.) These inventions did run people out of jobs, however we somehow overcame them. Workers would desperately try to bring revenge to the machines that doomed their occupations, they mainly used pure brute force to destroy the machines. This formed organizations like the Luddites, who were a radical faction in the 19th century. They believed machines robbed them of their source of income and needed to pay for it, with their main task being to destroy machinery, specifically textile machinery.
A similar intent took place in France. There have been numerous cases where businesses have exploited laws to increase their profits. They did this by exploiting loopholes that became available through automation. For instance, a supermarket was open on a Sunday afternoon, which is not advised in France due to the catholic history of the nation and French values. Yet this was possible because there wasn't anyone working, Automated checkouts and security guards hired by third-party companies ran the store. This made the public infuriated as they were exploiting their country’s regulations, as a result of this, they protested and stormed the supermarket, trying to break the machines. This shows the unhealthy relationship between People and machines. (Protests erupt after French supermarket uses automation to …, 2019)
Courses of action
There are many theories about possible solutions to these problems. David Autor, an American economist, has explored many solutions regarding automation. His most prominent are two principles he has formulated. These principles were formulated to assure these countries that a crisis will not happen if handled properly.
The first principle is called the O-ring. If a machine takes away jobs at a fast rate, then companies will only hire humans when there is a job a machine is incapable of doing, this means that it will increase the value of our expertise, our judgment, and our creativity. Therefore, an algorithm can take away a certain task from a person, but that doesn't mean he is useless, it means he can use his time to do tasks that only humans are capable of performing. In the end, instead of not having his job, he will move on to other tasks in the same business. These jobs are O-ring jobs, as the machine depends on them for their use. This is similar to the weakest link problem. (Autor, Simpson. “Will Automation Take Away All Our Jobs?”, 2017)
The second principle is called the “never get enough” principle. This explores the idea that if humans don't waste their time on a routine task that can be automated, they have a higher chance of following their endless desires and dreams. There will always be jobs, because of how creative humans are and how there will always be a demand for something new. Years ago we never thought the peculiar jobs we have today would exist, these jobs include, social media influencers, blockchain analysts, podcast producers, drone operators, coders, software developers. (Autor, Simpson. “Will Automation Take Away All Our Jobs?”, 2017)
In both of these principles, the solution is to assist people when they are transitioning to new occupations. Although, these are theories and there are always going to be suggestions to address the issue of automation replacing human occupations, which may be more reliable. For instance, the issue of factories moving from countries that are dependent on manufacturing could be handled by placing incentives on hiring in certain areas or hiring people instead of machines. Governments may also be suggested to reinforce unemployment plans. However, one of the most important concerns that are desperate for some kind of solution is to find an outlet where people of an older age can widen their expertise, as schooling systems did not prepare them for the automated future. This may include making community colleges free/less expensive, or organizing free courses for the people who need them.
Regarding the hostile incidents in France, a suggestion to this could be to make stricter laws on the destruction of property and machines that are a necessity to production and convenience. Loopholes by machines would also need to be addressed by new policies which would regulate automation loopholes by enforcing the country's values and beliefs into their decisions.
A suggestion that may tackle many of these situations simultaneously includes adapting the school system to modern-day needs. Suggestions can be made to implement a more diverse roster of classes for students, which would increase future opportunities. Incentives may also need to be endorsed on hiring people who are new to the job market, who have trouble finding a job with no experience whatsoever. This can be done by reducing the tax rate on those workers for a certain amount of time and/or equalling out the tax rates between robots and human workers, as this Would reduce the incentives for automation.
Reflection
I have learned a lot about what the future holds for me, my nation, and the whole world. I have learned the true magnitude of the problem automation will create, I have learned about the positives and the negatives of automation and fast-developing technology. Yet in conclusion, I believe that automation is overall a very valuable resource, that will rapidly advance our civilization. Our human brains will be used for greater tasks rather than tedious, repetitive ones. Discoveries in the world of science and inventions will be common. Our human ability to make choices will be exercised more and more, machines may be able to do wonderful tasks, but without us, they cannot do anything. However, everything needs to be in moderation, if we rush into the boom of automation it will do more harm than good, as it means there will be less time for people to transition into new jobs, and less time for governments to prepare for an increase in poverty numbers and policy changes.
My opinions have changed throughout the production of this paper, at first I thought people were exaggerating the effects of automation, yet I now believe that they aren't exaggerating it but underestimating the impacts. I believe this, as I have come to see that automation will affect every single person on the planet, the effects may be positive or may be negative, but the fact that it will affect everyone already shows us how massive the impact of automation will be.
Bibliography
Deshpande, Ashish. 50+ Key Business Automation Statistics for 2021. 12 Jan. 2021, www.frevvo.com/blog/workflow-automation-statistics/. Retrieved on 20 April 2021
Ryan, Brittany. “9 Real-World Examples of Automation in the Workplace · AtSpoke.” AtSpoke, Atspoke, 18 Nov. 2020, www.atspoke.com/blog/support/examples-automation-workplace/Retrieved on 20 April 2021
CNBC, CNBC. “What Coronavirus Means For Automation And The Future Of Jobs.” CNBC Africa, CNBC, 4 Sept. 2020, www.cnbcafrica.com/2020/what-coronavirus-means-for-automation-and-the-future-of-jobs/ Retrieved on 20 April 2021.
Ross, Sean. “The 3 Industries Driving China's Economy.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 28 Aug. 2020, www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/091515/3-industries-driving-chinas-economy.asp. Retrieved on 21 April 2021
Chui, Michael, et al. “The Countries Most (and Least) Likely to Be Affected by Automation.” Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Review, 20 Sept. 2017, hbr.org/2017/04/the-countries-most-and-least-likely-to-be-affected-by-automation. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Vilvestre, Jess. “What Happens When This Robot Brings an End to Sweatshops?” Futurism, Futurism, 29 Sept 2021. 2016,futurism.com/what-happens-when-this-robot-brings-an-end-to-sweatshops. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Autor, David, and Tai Simpson. “Will Automation Take Away All Our Jobs?” Ideas.ted.com, Ideas.ted.com, 29 Mar. 2017, ideas.ted.com/will-automation-take-away-all-our-jobs/. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Quartznews, director. Automation and AI Are Destroying Jobs, Not Work, Quartz/Retroreport/AT&T, 1 Nov. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBt_BbWgFzE. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Jensen, Bjornar, and Markus Koch. Deloitte., 2015, Man and Machine: Robots on the Rise? The Impact of Automation on the Swiss Job Market, www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/innovation/ch-en-innovation-autoMation-report.pdf. Retrieved on 22 April 2021.
“Protests Erupt after French Supermarket Uses Automation to ...” france24, france24, 27 Aug. 2019, www.france24.com/en/20190827-protests-erupt-french-supermarket-automation-labour-laws-sunday-laws. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
“Automation.” POLITICO, POLITICO, 24 Feb. 2021, www.politico.eu/tag/automation/. Retrieved on 23 April 2021
Admin. “ROBOTS WILL TAKE OVER 2 MILLION JOBS IN FRANCE, WHICH IS GOOD NEWS FOR SOCIETY AS A WHOLE.” Mov.ai, Admin Https://Mov.ai/Wp-Content/Uploads/2019/07/Movai-Logo-300x145-02-2-300x200.Png, 2018, mov.ai/custom-lightbox-click-the-image/. Retrieved on 23 April 2021
Groover, Mikell. “Automation.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2021, www.britannica.com/technology/automation. Retrieved on 25 April 2021
Manyika, James, et al. “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: What the Future of Work Will Mean for Jobs, Skills, and Wages.” McKinsey & Company, McKinsey & Company, 11 May 2019, www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/jobs-lost-jobs-gained-what-the-future-of-work-will-mean-for-jobs-skills-and-wages. Retrieved on 26 April 2021
“On the Explosion of Automation.” RAND Corporation, 1 Jan. 1964, www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2865.html.
Jahn, Mark. “Which Country Is the Largest Exporter of Goods in the World?” Investopedia, 11 Aug. 2021, www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/011915/what-country-worlds-largest-exporter-goods.asp. Retrieved on 26 April 2021
Andrews, Evan. “Who Were the Luddites?” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 7 Aug. 2015, www.history.com/news/who-were-the-luddites. Retrieved on 26 April 2021
Introduction
Automation is unavoidable. Automation is everywhere in today’s world, automated cashiers, online customer support, ticket sellers, online calendars, car manufacturing, are examples of it. The world has now transformed to a technological age, with the rate of automation rapidly advancing every day. According to experts, in a couple of decades, Automation has the estimated power to render almost 50% of jobs obsolete worldwide (Jensen and Koch Man and Machine: Robots on the rise? The impact of automation on the Swiss job market). This will bring upon huge impacts on the global workforce and economy. According to McKinsey, we will encounter a minimum of 400 million people without an occupation by 2030 (Manyika et al. Jobs lost, jobs gained: What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages). A massive amount of pressure will be placed on governments, making it impossible for them to take accountability for these people. An answer or solution to these issues is necessary, as if we do not prepare for the inevitable, there shall be vast consequences.
If actions are not taken soon, automation will create numerous complications that will be devastating to our society. It is impossible to stop automation, machines are and will be much better than human workers no matter what. These advantages are that they do not require a salary, healthcare, or healthy work conditions. Although, the most substantial advantage, automation holds is that it does not require rest. Whether rest includes food, sleep, relaxation, etc. The necessities that humans require do not apply to machines. Companies may even keep automated machines running for 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. These reasons suggest that humans will be obsolete, showing companies no incentive to select humans over machines. Those incentives would be devastating to blue-collar workers, as they would not be able to compete with such machines. As a result, it will also be devastating to countries where manufacturing drives the economy. The workers, families, and provinces that are reliant on such jobs may have a very difficult future. As these people may only have a high school degree or no degree whatsoever, it will be proven that transitioning to a new job will be extremely difficult.
As a result of the expected explosion in automation (“On the Explosion of Automation.” RAND Corporation, 1964), occupations such as machine learning researchers, data scientists, engineers of all kinds, etc. Shall be in enormous demand. This proposes that these types of jobs may be the only ones that workers may be able to transition into. The main limitations to this, however, will be the burdens of training and education requirements. Nevertheless, if they are not able to transition to a new occupation, poverty rates may be subject to spike.
Perspectives
The perspectives regarding automation are indeed vast. Corporations are eager for robotic technology to evolve to the point where it could be widely used in manufacturing. This is mainly because of how it is estimated that automation and machine learning may add $3.5T - $5.4T USD in annual value to companies (Manyika et al. Jobs lost, jobs gained: What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages). These important benefits create significant incentives for high levels of investments. The value added for companies emerge in diminishing manufacturing costs and increased productive capacity, allowing for further increases in profit margins. This is one result of the fact that automation is much more efficient, Companies are given the option to reduce the size of factories, etc.
If one is to imagine the perspective of a nation, which depends on manufacturing as it is one of their primary sources of income, opinions might differ. Using China as an example, the country China is ranked number one in the world in manufactured goods produced (Jahn Which country is the largest exporter of goods in the world? Investopedia). This shows China is vulnerable to the impacts of automation, as more people have a job that can be automated. The Harvard Business Review, estimated the countries that are most likely to be automated. China reached the top 15 of the list, with 51.2% of jobs at risk of being automated with today’s technology. In contrast, to this, they do not take into account the population of each country. Other notable countries listed in the review include; the Czech Republic (52.2%), Qatar (52.0%), Italy (50.3%), etc. (Chui et al. The Countries Most (and Least) Likely to be Affected by Automation.) China is much more populous than such countries, which drastically changes the magnitude of these impacts. As a consequence of this, more people will need unemployment benefits or some form of redistribution. They also require shelter for rising poverty rates and other costly necessities. This suggests that larger funds will be needed to afford these necessities, compared to the aforementioned countries. Consideration also requires to be given to the possibility that companies choose to migrate their manufacturing, it may be devastating to China as manufacturing is one of their top 3 sources of income (Ross, The 3 Industries Driving China's Economy). This can set off a rivalry between the Chinese government and the use of automation due to the drastic consequences that will arise. These circumstances may also apply to other countries that have a very large population and a high job automation percentage.
The greatest disadvantages come in the displacement of blue-collar workers who will be the first to be left without a job. These people may spontaneously be out of a job which they depended on heavily, with no plan for the future and minimal options to pursue. Transitional periods to other jobs may take a long time. Many of these workers may be farmers, miners, construction workers, etc. To expand on this, these occupations have been becoming increasingly automated by each decade, beginning with inventions such as electric drills, cranes, etc.
Automated systems have now been developed that can replace a sweatshop worker for $35,000 USD. (Vilvestre, What Happens When This Robot Brings an End to Sweatshops? 2021) It is indeed debatable whether the benefits of these machines outweigh the price negative, yet it should be noted that these technologies may get cheaper once they become widely available. Although what the invention of this machine suggests, is that we are entering a phase in human history where the idea of a career is completely altered, most jobs are short term, automatic machines have the possibility to manage stores. To elaborate on this, Automation may take over jobs that many may believe were impossible to automate. If this assumption is correct, it proposes that people will constantly need to transition to new jobs, prohibiting people from making a career out of one job.
People who may lose their occupation due to this wave of automation may react differently, they may place the blame on the inventions themselves, and may set a trend of hate against machines. Hostility against automation is not new and there have been many incidents relating to it, recently and in the past. This began with the inventions of early automation (tractors, sewing machines, printers, etc.) These inventions did run people out of jobs, however we somehow overcame them. Workers would desperately try to bring revenge to the machines that doomed their occupations, they mainly used pure brute force to destroy the machines. This formed organizations like the Luddites, who were a radical faction in the 19th century. They believed machines robbed them of their source of income and needed to pay for it, with their main task being to destroy machinery, specifically textile machinery.
A similar intent took place in France. There have been numerous cases where businesses have exploited laws to increase their profits. They did this by exploiting loopholes that became available through automation. For instance, a supermarket was open on a Sunday afternoon, which is not advised in France due to the catholic history of the nation and French values. Yet this was possible because there wasn't anyone working, Automated checkouts and security guards hired by third-party companies ran the store. This made the public infuriated as they were exploiting their country’s regulations, as a result of this, they protested and stormed the supermarket, trying to break the machines. This shows the unhealthy relationship between People and machines. (Protests erupt after French supermarket uses automation to …, 2019)
Courses of action
There are many theories about possible solutions to these problems. David Autor, an American economist, has explored many solutions regarding automation. His most prominent are two principles he has formulated. These principles were formulated to assure these countries that a crisis will not happen if handled properly.
The first principle is called the O-ring. If a machine takes away jobs at a fast rate, then companies will only hire humans when there is a job a machine is incapable of doing, this means that it will increase the value of our expertise, our judgment, and our creativity. Therefore, an algorithm can take away a certain task from a person, but that doesn't mean he is useless, it means he can use his time to do tasks that only humans are capable of performing. In the end, instead of not having his job, he will move on to other tasks in the same business. These jobs are O-ring jobs, as the machine depends on them for their use. This is similar to the weakest link problem. (Autor, Simpson. “Will Automation Take Away All Our Jobs?”, 2017)
The second principle is called the “never get enough” principle. This explores the idea that if humans don't waste their time on a routine task that can be automated, they have a higher chance of following their endless desires and dreams. There will always be jobs, because of how creative humans are and how there will always be a demand for something new. Years ago we never thought the peculiar jobs we have today would exist, these jobs include, social media influencers, blockchain analysts, podcast producers, drone operators, coders, software developers. (Autor, Simpson. “Will Automation Take Away All Our Jobs?”, 2017)
In both of these principles, the solution is to assist people when they are transitioning to new occupations. Although, these are theories and there are always going to be suggestions to address the issue of automation replacing human occupations, which may be more reliable. For instance, the issue of factories moving from countries that are dependent on manufacturing could be handled by placing incentives on hiring in certain areas or hiring people instead of machines. Governments may also be suggested to reinforce unemployment plans. However, one of the most important concerns that are desperate for some kind of solution is to find an outlet where people of an older age can widen their expertise, as schooling systems did not prepare them for the automated future. This may include making community colleges free/less expensive, or organizing free courses for the people who need them.
Regarding the hostile incidents in France, a suggestion to this could be to make stricter laws on the destruction of property and machines that are a necessity to production and convenience. Loopholes by machines would also need to be addressed by new policies which would regulate automation loopholes by enforcing the country's values and beliefs into their decisions.
A suggestion that may tackle many of these situations simultaneously includes adapting the school system to modern-day needs. Suggestions can be made to implement a more diverse roster of classes for students, which would increase future opportunities. Incentives may also need to be endorsed on hiring people who are new to the job market, who have trouble finding a job with no experience whatsoever. This can be done by reducing the tax rate on those workers for a certain amount of time and/or equalling out the tax rates between robots and human workers, as this Would reduce the incentives for automation.
Reflection
I have learned a lot about what the future holds for me, my nation, and the whole world. I have learned the true magnitude of the problem automation will create, I have learned about the positives and the negatives of automation and fast-developing technology. Yet in conclusion, I believe that automation is overall a very valuable resource, that will rapidly advance our civilization. Our human brains will be used for greater tasks rather than tedious, repetitive ones. Discoveries in the world of science and inventions will be common. Our human ability to make choices will be exercised more and more, machines may be able to do wonderful tasks, but without us, they cannot do anything. However, everything needs to be in moderation, if we rush into the boom of automation it will do more harm than good, as it means there will be less time for people to transition into new jobs, and less time for governments to prepare for an increase in poverty numbers and policy changes.
My opinions have changed throughout the production of this paper, at first I thought people were exaggerating the effects of automation, yet I now believe that they aren't exaggerating it but underestimating the impacts. I believe this, as I have come to see that automation will affect every single person on the planet, the effects may be positive or may be negative, but the fact that it will affect everyone already shows us how massive the impact of automation will be.
Bibliography
Deshpande, Ashish. 50+ Key Business Automation Statistics for 2021. 12 Jan. 2021, www.frevvo.com/blog/workflow-automation-statistics/. Retrieved on 20 April 2021
Ryan, Brittany. “9 Real-World Examples of Automation in the Workplace · AtSpoke.” AtSpoke, Atspoke, 18 Nov. 2020, www.atspoke.com/blog/support/examples-automation-workplace/Retrieved on 20 April 2021
CNBC, CNBC. “What Coronavirus Means For Automation And The Future Of Jobs.” CNBC Africa, CNBC, 4 Sept. 2020, www.cnbcafrica.com/2020/what-coronavirus-means-for-automation-and-the-future-of-jobs/ Retrieved on 20 April 2021.
Ross, Sean. “The 3 Industries Driving China's Economy.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 28 Aug. 2020, www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/091515/3-industries-driving-chinas-economy.asp. Retrieved on 21 April 2021
Chui, Michael, et al. “The Countries Most (and Least) Likely to Be Affected by Automation.” Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Review, 20 Sept. 2017, hbr.org/2017/04/the-countries-most-and-least-likely-to-be-affected-by-automation. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Vilvestre, Jess. “What Happens When This Robot Brings an End to Sweatshops?” Futurism, Futurism, 29 Sept 2021. 2016,futurism.com/what-happens-when-this-robot-brings-an-end-to-sweatshops. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Autor, David, and Tai Simpson. “Will Automation Take Away All Our Jobs?” Ideas.ted.com, Ideas.ted.com, 29 Mar. 2017, ideas.ted.com/will-automation-take-away-all-our-jobs/. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Quartznews, director. Automation and AI Are Destroying Jobs, Not Work, Quartz/Retroreport/AT&T, 1 Nov. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBt_BbWgFzE. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
Jensen, Bjornar, and Markus Koch. Deloitte., 2015, Man and Machine: Robots on the Rise? The Impact of Automation on the Swiss Job Market, www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/innovation/ch-en-innovation-autoMation-report.pdf. Retrieved on 22 April 2021.
“Protests Erupt after French Supermarket Uses Automation to ...” france24, france24, 27 Aug. 2019, www.france24.com/en/20190827-protests-erupt-french-supermarket-automation-labour-laws-sunday-laws. Retrieved on 22 April 2021
“Automation.” POLITICO, POLITICO, 24 Feb. 2021, www.politico.eu/tag/automation/. Retrieved on 23 April 2021
Admin. “ROBOTS WILL TAKE OVER 2 MILLION JOBS IN FRANCE, WHICH IS GOOD NEWS FOR SOCIETY AS A WHOLE.” Mov.ai, Admin Https://Mov.ai/Wp-Content/Uploads/2019/07/Movai-Logo-300x145-02-2-300x200.Png, 2018, mov.ai/custom-lightbox-click-the-image/. Retrieved on 23 April 2021
Groover, Mikell. “Automation.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2021, www.britannica.com/technology/automation. Retrieved on 25 April 2021
Manyika, James, et al. “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: What the Future of Work Will Mean for Jobs, Skills, and Wages.” McKinsey & Company, McKinsey & Company, 11 May 2019, www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/jobs-lost-jobs-gained-what-the-future-of-work-will-mean-for-jobs-skills-and-wages. Retrieved on 26 April 2021
“On the Explosion of Automation.” RAND Corporation, 1 Jan. 1964, www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2865.html.
Jahn, Mark. “Which Country Is the Largest Exporter of Goods in the World?” Investopedia, 11 Aug. 2021, www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/011915/what-country-worlds-largest-exporter-goods.asp. Retrieved on 26 April 2021
Andrews, Evan. “Who Were the Luddites?” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 7 Aug. 2015, www.history.com/news/who-were-the-luddites. Retrieved on 26 April 2021